The Theory Of Operant Conditioning Theory Essay - 746 Words

Burrhus Frederic Skinners, also known as B. F. Skinner, was a well-known American psychologist who came up with the idea of what is known as operant conditioning (Rholetter, 2013). Operant conditioning is one of two theories in learning that illustrates behaviorism (Kretchmar, 2015). It is according to Rholetter (2013), â€Å"the idea that behavior is the learned result of consequences†. Skinner believed that learning during operant conditioning is done based upon the outcome of a given situation (Lefrancois, 2012, p. 91). His operant conditioning theory is constructed on reinforcements consisting of positive, negative, primary and secondary, punishments pertaining positive and negative and reinforcement schedules which includes ratio, interval, fixed and random schedules (Lefrancois, 2012, p. 93-96.). Skinner’s operant conditioning theory first revolves around reinforcers and reinforcements. Skinner according to Lefrancois (2012, p. 91), â€Å"defines a reinforce r as an event that follows a response and that changes the probability of a response’s occurring again†. The conclusion of a given reinforcer is then the reinforcement. Both positive and negative reinforcements are used to strengthen one’s behavior (Lefrancois, 2012, p. 91). They are also used to increase an anticipated behavior (Rholetter, 2013). In order for there to be a positive reinforcement, there needs to be a stimulus present after a certain response occurs. This will increase the use of this specificShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning869 Words   |  4 Pagesthree and a half-year old Gertrude to whom I will apply the theory of operant conditioning to get her to meet a scheduled bed time. Her Mother is facing a steep learning curve with respect to; second language, new cultural, a newborn with a serious disease and isolated from her family (UK and Congo). It is of the utmost importance that we have Gertrude’s behaviour changed to ease the transition to Canada. Discussion Operant conditioning is happening in our everyday lives, it can be found at workRead MoreThe Theory of Operant Conditioning1136 Words   |  5 Pages The Theory of Operant Conditioning PSY390 October 6, 2014 Introduction The study of human behavior by psychologists such as B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, and Watson is fascinating. These five psychologists each have different theories on human behavior. There are similarities and differences in each of the theories. Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory, studied animals and formed the basis for behavioral psychology (Cherry, 2013). Edward Thorndike’s theory of connectionismRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1489 Words   |  6 PagesOperant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a form of learning where people or animals change their behavior because of the reinforcement given after a desired response. A good example of operant conditioning is, a teacher giving five percent of the marks to students, who have good attendance. The theory is useful in teaching programmed instructions, where the information is given in small bits to reinforce the responses (Litow Pumroy, 1975). Additionally, the theory can help in shaping students’Read MoreTheory of Operant Conditioning933 Words   |  4 PagesTheory of Operant Conditioning Instrumental conditioning, otherwise known as operant conditioning is a theory that B.F Skinner came up with and is defined as a learning process by which the consequence of an operant response affects the likelihood of the response recurring in the future. Basically, operant conditioning is a stimulus response prototype that when reinforced, conditions individuals or organisms response to a desired behavior (Huitt, W., Hummel, J., 1997) Our behaviors are shapedRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning989 Words   |  4 PagesOperant Conditioning: Procrastination The principals of operant conditioning, teaches how having certain coping techniques can reward certain undesirable behaviors. Conditioning human behavior has been studied for many years, Psychologists Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner, have dedicated majority of their lives to the study. Thorndike’s theory Law of effect. Thorndike suggest that certain stimuli and response become connected or dissociated from each other. His experiment worked by placing a catRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1934 Words   |  8 Pagesat the theory of Operant Conditioning and all the many aspects that go along with it. This theory of Operant Conditioning by B. F. Skinner is a great guideline that can be used in the classroom. Operant Conditioning is definitely a theory that can change the way a classroom is ran. Throughout this paper we will see what behaviorism is and what operant conditioning is as a whole, along with the educational implications of this theory. Biographical Background of (Theorist) The theory of Operant ConditioningRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1792 Words   |  8 PagesIn the textbook operant conditioning can be defined as â€Å"the control of behavior through manipulation of rewards and punishments in the environment, particularly the laboratory environment† (Cervone Pervin, 2013). B.F. skinner who created the operant conditioning procedure believed that all humans are controlled by the environments that they experience and that by changing the environment it is possible to reinforce a behavior that benefits everyone (Cervone Pervin, 2013). Skinner also believedRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning1212 Words   |  5 PagesOperant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, when a lab rat presses a blue butt on, he receives a food pellet as a reward, but when he presses the red button he receives a mild electric shock. As a result, he learns to press the blue button but avoid the red button. TheRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesalso. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain information. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionismRead MoreThe Theory Of Behaviorism And Operant Conditioning895 Words   |  4 Pages B.F Skinner Renowned American psychologist B.F. Skinner, well known for his theory on behaviorism and operant conditioning. He was the most influential 20th - century psychologist. His works includes â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms† (1938) which was about the results in his experiment with operant conditioning, and a novel based on his theories â€Å"Walden† (1948). He was not only a psychologist he was a behaviorist, teacher, author, inventor, and a social philosopher as well. Born as Burrhus Frederic

Linux Versus Windows Xp Pros And Cons - 1211 Words

Comparison Report Linux versus Windows XP: The Pros and Cons This may be the perfect time to move over to Linux, since Windows XP was officially retired in 2014. Although we can continue using Windows XP, the two most important factors to consider are 1) there will no longer be security patches released by Microsoft; and 2) they are no longer supporting this product. Additionally, our older XP machines may not support newer Windows releases, especially 8.1, because it needs significantly more power and storage. Also, some XP applications may not work on newer versions of Windows. So to run 8.1 on older PCs, there will be a lot of configuring to do which takes time and money. All machines will need at least 4 GB of ram. That said, both Windows XP and Linux each have their advantages and disadvantages. To help determine what technology option is best in the long run for the company (i.e., to keep Windows XP or switch to Linux), the team recommends that you perform a careful analysis with respect to cost, performance and risk to make the right technology decision. We don’t envy your position—which is challenging—one that can affect the company s total cost of ownership (TCO) and return-on-investment (ROI), positively or negatively. Windows Windows XP will continue to work, security is a major concern. Although security companies still support XP, at some point we could find ourselves vulnerable. Without security patches, cyber criminals will have more opportunities toShow MoreRelatedLinux Vs. Windows Xp1336 Words   |  6 PagesYou ask some good questions. Let s start with the considerations to keep in mind. You ll do well by separating the projects that you may wish to undertake. Porting your Unix application to Linux is a different animal than using Linux to replace your NT boxes for file and print services. The former is much more complex then the latter. Both actually start with applications. If you have off-the-shelf applications that run only on NT Servers, and you absolutely do not want PC clients to run these

Business Plan of Alex Foundation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Plan of Alex Foundation. Answer: Overview Business plan is a process of generating the strategy for the long run. The process defines about the how to generate the profit in the longer run. The company is mainly investing in the construction sector and the company would be having a generating a policies on promote the services on that product in that market. The organisation is new and yet to establish its market in the long run. The organisation is still going through the process of generating the market analysis and creating awareness. The financial investment is total of $ 15 lakhs which is a minimum investment for the long run. Ownership The organisation is a privatized and fully owned by Wilton Family. The organisation is based on the market which would be setting up in the market as per major places in Australia. The organisation having a vision on opening branches in different part of the Australia. Therefore the organisation need to establish the relationship with the customer and based on the productivity. The Wilton foundation limited would be taking the contract as per the tender. They would be betting as per the arrangement on the middle process. They would be supplying the goods and the labor in the construction site and made the work according to the need of the customers. The construction of sites duration would be as per the needs. The organisation would be mainly dealing with the establishment of office sites, house building sites, hospitals, commercial places and many more. They would be mainly established on the basis of the needs and wants of the customers. They would also have an overview on the financial and operating expenses. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT Analysis is done for the analyzing the internal strengths, weakness, and external opportunity and threats. The SWOT provides guidelines for the long run. The organisation also has a major diversity for the productivity in the longer duration, so it provide the analysis of the market. Approach Plan Wilton foundation goals to be achieved can be divided into three parts Current Target Operations Target Management Target Current Target (for the first 6 months) Generating organisation in digitalized function. The company would be providing the assurance for free of cost of the site for two years. Investment upon the level of market share as per the scenario. Operating expenses need to be matched with the revenue (Logg-Scarvell Navis and Patrick 2015). Operations Target (for the first one year) Analysis the competitors background as per the market. Focus on the customer retention. Analysis the system of the productivity. Management Target (for five years down the line) Establishment of enough funds for the operating cost for upcoming five years. Continuous Generating ideas. Provide a return to the society by innovate thoughts. Marketing Plan The construction company is having a innovative thoughts on the process of the planning of the cites. It is having a policy where the customers can analysis about the customers preferences as a whole. The organisation believes that the every person is having different thought process on a particular sector in the long run. The building is having a minimum duration of ten years which can only be made upon honesty, reliability and dedication (Guiro et al. 2014). The implementation of the growth of the market share can be done with the help of the following Construction Bonds The relationship for any sector is important. Relationship manages to understand the needs of the both party. Relationship also comes from both the end. They can be established within the organisation and management policies only. Referrals The referrals are a promotion tool which is being used for the interior designers, agents and contractors and many more. Website This is the most important tool above all. Most of the business is dealing with the internet and having a huge customer based on the internet. The can easily announce financial plan, csr and other operational and financial activates with the help of the website. It also generates the organisation needs and wants in the long run. Brochure Brochure is used for the helping the organisation to market their products on the daily basis. The market is huge and the daily basis attended customers are also huge. Therefore it needs to stay and increase the market share as per daily basis. Case for support The case of support has been fully used as the promotion tool. The organisation can help this tool as the promotion tool. They can offer the guaranty and warranty with a insured the certain building for a certain duration. Social Media . The social media is a platform where the organisation can target their actual customers. Current market is globalized. Therefore it easy to segregate the customer and manage them based on their search in Facebook, you tube and many more. They can also target the actual customers as per their needs and wants (Kotey 2014). Word of mouth . The word of mouth is the tool which is the most important than any other promotional tool. If it is needed the organisation can provide the usage of the happy customer can bring more customers. Therefore it is need to have happy customers in the market. The market is fully manageable with the effectiveness and trust issues. Therefore if the company is going to affect the market then it would be helping in the long run. Marketing Scenario The company is new in the market. The market is huge. The majorly investment of the customers are based on the buildings for houses or commercial purposes. The authority need to address the particular segment based on the research as soon as possible. The target customers are as follows - House Makers Construction of the Commercial Places Renovation of the existing buildings (Vithayasrichareon Riesz and MacGill 2015). The company would be providing the service and the products on the based on the customers purchasing power. The quality would be tried to maintain as much as possible. The authority also needs to address the customer retention and offer them packages for customer retention in the future. The external factors would be like the inflations, government policies and many more. If the company needs to sustain for the long run, it need to allocate the funds for the longer position in the future. Financial Plan Above all the organisation is going to begin; therefore they are in search of capital. The funding can be based on the two types those are Any business needs a capital to start. As the company is going to establish new business they would also need of the funds. The best way to analysis the funds is to provide the business to determine the probability for the particular sector. The capital can be taken from the Investment banks for the capital of at least $15, 00,000 as the initial (Karl 2014). The investment would be based on the four different installments which would be having same amount at overall. The time period for that loan would be around 25 years. The expenses are as follows - Operating Cost. Capital Equipment Cost. Marketing Expenses and many more. The initial cost would be determined based on the following expenses Reserves and Provisions. Production Expenses. Operating Expenses. Emergency Expenses. Marketing and Promoting Expenses (Lussier and Corman 2015). Risk Analysis The market expenses of per square feet for the following expenses are as follows - The cost of the lands in the plot basis of a square feet Brisbane Melbourne Perth Sydney Runway related plots 5,150 5,000 4,950 5,200 Parking allotted Places 1,575 1,650 1,750 1,700 Official lands allocation 3,750 4,000 4,550 5,500 Education institutions 3,350 3,300 3,170 3,200 Hospitals and Heath Care Centers 5,550 5,900 5,860 5,800 Entertainment related places 4,150 4,200 4,240 5,500 Important production places 3,350 3,700 4,040 3,800 Homes related plots 1,685 1,650 1,670 2,000 Commercial Plots 2,550 2,300 2,260 2,700 Workers at level 1 initial cost 80 88 102 80 Workers at level 2 78 85 75 75 Workers at level 3 70 78 75 70 Hire 50t mobile crane + operator (day) 2,100 2,200 2,120 2,200 (Source: Glowik and Sadowski 2014) Conclusion In a nutshell we can state that the organisation is in the state of the entering in the market. The business plan would provide the overview of the market. The market is diversifying and also allocated based on the particular segmentations. There are many more players and regulations by the government authorities. Therefore it need to have an innovate and continues process of development to sustain in the market. References Glowik, M. and Sadowski, F., 2014. Success Factors of International New Venture Firms-Empirical Case Study of German SME. Journal of Economics Management, 15, pp.175-191. Kotey, B., 2014. Small business innovation in the hostile environment of Australia's drought stricken rural communities. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 20(2), p.325. Humphery-Jenner, M., Shinkle, G.A. and Suchard, J.A., 2014. Innovation in Newly Public Firms: The Influence of Government Grants, Venture Capital, and Private Equity.. Lussier, R.N. and Corman, J., 2015. A business success versus failure prediction model for entrepreneurs with 0-10 employees. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 7(1), pp.21-36. Logg-Scarvell, J., Navis, R. and Patrick, K., 2015. Scenarios for Australia in 2050: A synthesis and proposed survey. Journal of Futures Studies, 19(3), pp.49-76. Giurco, D.P., Turner, A., Fane, S. and White, S.B., 2014. Desalination for urban water: changing perceptions and future scenarios in Australia. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 42. Karl, C.K., 2014. Simulation and Gaming in Construction Business-Design of a module-oriented modeling approach based on system dynamics and its prototypical implementation in research and education. Vithayasrichareon, P., Riesz, J. and MacGill, I.F., 2015. Using renewables to hedge against future electricity industry uncertaintiesAn Australian case study. Energy Policy, 76, pp.43-56.

Law Theories Karl Llewellyn Essay Example

Law Theories Karl Llewellyn Essay Under this presumption, Jerome Frank highlighted the psychological aspect of Judicial decision making when pointing out that in alliance with human nature, a Judges decision may be Influenced by such monotonous occurrences as what they ate for breakfast. Karl Lineally agreed that a Judge is able to perpetrate his own personal biases on the outcome off case. Lineally ascertained, when referring to Judge Judge Judge, or arbiter of Justice, is a lead official who presides over a court of law, either alone or as part of a panel of Judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of Judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is like an umpire in a game and S that, [w]hat these officials do about disputes is, to my mind, the law itself[2]. In this assessment, Leniencys realist views can be likened to that of Jerome Frank who challenged the notion of legal decisions as always being certain. Lineally agreed that law is not always a precise science, but did not agree that Judicial decisions are always uncertain[3]. There Is no single right and accurate way of reading one case, or of reading a bunch f cases[4]. In support of the aforementioned statement, as an example, Lineally offers two plausible structural arrangements in the handing down of a Judgment. In the first arrangement, consideration must be made, in that, the case can only maintain authority for that which Is required of the opinion to reach the Judgment. Anything else can be distinguished or unnecessary. In the second arrangement, the court maintains authority of the rule which forms the basis of judgment. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Theories Karl Llewellyn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Law Theories Karl Llewellyn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Law Theories Karl Llewellyn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In distinguishable cases, however, it may still be applied indirectly by using statements such as We here said Or That case necessarily decided Along with the rest of the Judgment which does not encompass the rule[5]. Karl Leniencys theories on legal realism first outlined in The Bramble Bush, highlighted the importance of determining whether the legal pollens of Judges are Influenced by factors outside that of the law[6]. For ten long anal, Tort ten large-scale reshaping Ana growth AT Cottrell Ana our legal , . He almost unnoticed changes [are] more significant than the institutions historic key cases[7]. It was in Leniencys belief that a lawyer should have the ability wrought training, to be able to put forward a persuasive argument by utilizing the facts of a case rather than placing the emphases on the applicable law. In Leniencys opinion, law is gradually returning to the court tradition of the 18th century as being Precedent guided and principle controlled. This concept is o pposed to that of Owen Dioxins belief which leans towards a more ordered approach[8]. There are no fixed rules of how a principle must be applied in regards to the law. In considering this, it is possible in the same case for a number of Judges to all apply the same Renville and reach a completely different conclusion. Lineally interprets this as not an evasion or departure from the true construction of the principle, but a sound use, application, continuation and development of precedent. In Leniencys opinion, the freedom in the application of law in the courts is not to be construed as twisting precedent, as this concept carries the assumption that there is only one single meaning[9]. He main thing is what officials are going to do. And so to my mind to the main thing is seeing what officials do, do about disputes, or about anything else; and eying that there is a certain regularity in their doing a regularity which makes possible prediction of what they and other officials are about to do tomorrow. In many cases that prediction cannot be wholly certain. Then you ha ve room for something else, another main thing for the lawyer: a study of how to make the official do what you would like to have him. At that point rules do loom into importance. Great importance. For Judges think they must follow the rules, and people highly approve of that thinking[l In considering the aforementioned and the influence it has on Judicial decisions, the approach does not become limited in its authority, but instead, creates a responsibility which rests upon those in other areas of the legal profession such as lawyers. Lawyers no longer act as a foundational support, but act in the interpretation of that authority[11]. The courts manage new decisions with discretion, taking into account the sense of the situation as seen by the court[12]. It is in Leniencys Judgment that the courts are operating for the improvement of the way in which the law is being applied[13]. Leniencys theory takes this into inconsideration while also acknowledging the courts role within a changing community. Lineally came to the conclusion that the variety of ways in which a principle can be applied to a case does not affect the authority of Judicial decisions. It can, h owever, encourage the construction on the facts which point to the method of application more dominantly appropriate in the case. Karl Lineally explains in his book The Common Law Tradition,[14] the context for seeing and discussing the question to be decided is to be set by and in a body of legal doctrine, including its rules as well as TTS concepts, ideals, tendencies and pervading principles. The ideas Lineally put forward were undoubtedly important and innovative, however, they have obtained a degree AT criticism. It NAS Eden argued Tanat Leniencys Ideas Tort ten most part are impractical due to the difficulty in the implementation. The system of Jurisprudence in which Lineally has put forward could possibly require a lawyer in arguing a case adequately, to go to ridiculous lengths. This conclusion has been reached in considering the effort involved in taking into account all of the possible factors affecting the outcome of a case. This is the reason Leniencys realist theories never became the precedent for viewing the law. The law has continued to be viewed as a set of rules which are consequently applied to each separate case[1 5]. It has been conveyed that the process involved in the application of case law, and the consequential possible techniques on hand to carry out such an endeavourer, are infinite. In the process of Judicial decision making, the procedure does not always work in accordance with its desired function. Notably, in consideration of this fact, there are those who can offer an understanding of whether Lineally is in fact erect in asserting that there is no single right and correct way of reading one case, or of reading a bunch of cases[16] and that a courts decision might turn on what the judge had for breakfast[17]. There are those who, in accordance with his suggestion, can add light to the argument. In each of these methodologies, comes a new implication for the role of the Judiciary and also for its scope of authority. Sir Owen Dioxins approach in comparison to Leniencys can be seen as less philosophical and more mechanical and legalistic. The basis of Owen Dioxins viewpoint resides in the assumption that the court acts to facilitate the existence of a definite system of accepted knowledge or thought and that Judgments and other legal writings are evidence of its content[18]. Unlike Leniencys creative or constructionist role, Dixon suggested that: The court and the legal system stand as a necessary foundation of any community. Indeed it may be said that the courts and the system of law are both the foundation and the steel framework, but neither a foundation nor a steel framework is ever able to do more than support a structure with stability and at rest[19]. It was in Dioxins belief that Justice is administered in accordance with the law and not because Justice constructs the law. In Dioxins view, the role of lawyers is to act as a foundation which exists in order to keep the framework steady. It can be inferred from the aforementioned that the court, and consequently the cases which pass through the courts, are already subject to pre-existing laws. There are inherent legal principles that apply to each case and the courts duty is to merely act to uphold these principles[20]. Gerard Brenna sees the situation in a different light and sways away from the revives standpoint of Owen Dioxins strict and complete legalism to acknowledge the changing circumstances which the law faces. Brenna believes that in circumstances where the elicit underlying principles of law are not enough to determine a judgment, the courts need to articulate the principles of the community which give TTY to ten law In quest. In Toweling Graders tannery, ten law, wanly NAS shaped by English Judges and later Australian, only changes in response to a changing community[21]. Eden Under Graders view, the acknowledgement of the inherent principles and their enhancing authority supports the discretion of the Judiciary when faced with new situations. This approach can be seen as an alternative to the idea of strict legalism and also the creative approach as taken by Lineally. Although Karl Lineally has been criticized for his stance on the matter, he has shown that he would agree with the statement that, Judges decide cases however they personally wish to, or however they feel at the time. Lineally has shown skepticism towards the rules by which the courts decided cases[22], and in turn the processes by which Judges are able to make their Judgments.

Human Growth And Development Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Human Growth And Development Human Growth and Development 1. abusive relationship: when one partner in a relationship becomes violent or aggressive toward the other. 2. accommodation: according to Piaget, changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge. 3. achievement status: identity status in which adolescents have explored alternative identities and are now secure in their chosen identities. 4. active euthanasia: deliberate ending of someone's life. 5. activities of daily living (ADL's): self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, or dressing. 6. activity: dimension of temperament defined by the tempo and vigor of a child's activity. 7. adaptation level: area where environmental press is average for a particular level of competence. 8. addiction: physical dependence on a particular substance, such as alcohol. 9. adolescent egocentrism: self-absorption that is characteristic of teenagers as they search for identity. 10. aerobic exercise: exercise that places a moderate on the heart by maintaining a pulse rate between 60% and 90% of the maximum heart rate. 11. age discrimination: denying a job or promotion to someone solely on the basis of their age. 12. age integrated housing: where people of all ages live together and interact. 13. age of viability: age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at seven months after conception. 14. age-segregated housing: where all residents are of the same age. 15. agreeableness: dimension of personality associated with being accepting, willing to work with others, and caring. 16. alert inactivity: state in which a baby is calm with eyes open and attentive, and the baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment. 17. alienation: when workers feel that what they are doing is meaningless, that their efforts are devalued, or when they do not see the connection between what they do and the final product. 18. alleles: variations of genes. 19. altruism: pro-social behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior. 20. Alzheimer's disease: disease associated with aging characterized by gradual declines in memory, learning, attention, and judgment; confusion as to time and where one is; difficulties in communicating and finding the words one wants to use; declines in personal hygiene and self-care skills; inappropriate social behavior; and changes in personality. 21. amniocentesis: prenatal diagnostic technique that involves withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid through the abdomen using a syringe. 22. amnion: inner sac in which the developing child rests. 23. amyloid: protein that is produced in abnormally high levels in Alzheimer's disease and that may be responsible for the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. 24. animism: crediting inanimate objects with life and life-like properties such as feelings. 25. anniversary reaction: changes in behavior related to feelings of sadness on the actual anniversary of a death. 26. anorexia nervosa: persistent refusal to eat, accompanied by an irrational fear of being overweight. 27. anoxia: lack of oxygen during delivery, typically because the umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangled during delivery. 28. anxiety disorders: problems such as feelings of severe anxiety for no apparent reason, phobias to specific things or places, and obsessive-compulsive disorders in which thoughts or actions are repeatedly performed. 29. appraise: to evaluate a situation to determine whether it exceeds a person's resources and is, therefore, stressful. 30. assimilation: according to Piaget, taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows. 31. assortative mating: theory of mating that states that people find partners based on their similarity to each other. 32. attachment: enduring social-emotional relationship between infants and their caregivers. 33. attentional processes: processes that determine which information will be processed further by an individual. 34. authoritarian parents: parents who show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children. 35. authoritative parents: parents who use a moderate amount of control and who are warm and responsive to their children. 36. autosomes: first 22 pairs of chromosomes. 37. average life expectancy: age at which half of the people born in a particular year will have died. 38. avoidant attachment: relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation. 39. axon: tube-like structure that emerges from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons. 40. babbling: speech-like sounds that consist vowel-consonant combinations. 41. basal metabolic rate: speed with which the body consumes calories. 42. basic cry: cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense often heard when babies are hungry or

Cella Cruz essays

Cella Cruz essays Salsa music started circulating around North America in the 1960s. It was described as a mixture of Latin musical styles. For years, salsa was dominated by the male gender. Even though most salsa musicians were male, a woman by the name of Celia Cruz was able to break that barrier down and allow other female artists to take over the fame of the upbeat and energetic rhythms of salsa. Celia Cruz has been known in transforming the Cuban musical genre known as salsa for female vocalists. Born October 21, 1924 in Havana, Cuba, Celia Cruz has been described as the queen of salsa. Cruz has been portrayed as the most influential female vocalist in the history of Afro-Cuban music. Even as a young girl, growing up in the poor district of Santo Suarez, with fourteen people living in her household, Cruz was able to draw attention to herself due to her singing. One of her first music auditions took place in a singing contest called La hora del t, and that one audition was enough to motivate her in joining many other auditions across Cuba. Celia Cruzs father was never a big believer in her continuing a career in the music industry. According to her father it was not a career that a woman should part take in. Despite her fathers disapproval, Cruz followed her dreams with the support of her mother. Her biggest break that made her change her career of being a teacher to a full time musician was when she landed the lead vocalist for a group called La Sonora Matancera in 1950. Despite American record executives who did not believe that the fans would approve of a female vocalist singing a rumba record would sell well, her band leader Rogelio Martinez never gave up faith in Cruz. Martinez kept on encouraging the novice singer into not giving up and his encouragements paid off when the album did well both in Cuba and the United States. ...

Coursework about Computers and the Law CW2 Essay

Coursework about Computers and the Law CW2 - Essay Example In his spare time, Jasper has also been hosting a web site from the Bank’s server which advocates violence and the political over throw of elected government in the UK. The Government Security services discover Jasper’s web site and want to spy on Jasper’s activities while he is hosting it, believing it will supply them with useful intelligence. One of the main issues that are raised in the above scenario is the issue of privacy. In order to be able to determine the legitimacy of the employers’ interception of Jasper’s emails it is necessary to consider the Human Rights Act 1998 and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950. It is also necessary to examine the rights of the government to be able to order the interception of emails. In this particular case justification could be based on issues of national security since Jasper is a hosting a website which advocates overthrowing the elected government and advocates violence. This will involve an examination of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. This will also require an examination of the Data Protection Act 1998. In examining the rights of the employer to intercept email the issue of personal freedom is challenged. Craig (1999)1 was concerned that allowing employers to conduct electronic surveillance of employees through intercepting their emails could allow them access to private information about the employee, even if this was not the intended purpose of the monitoring. The case of Copland v United Kingdom [2007]2 demonstrates this issue nicely. In this case the complainant alleged that Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950 had been violated by her employers monitoring of her email and internet usage as well as her telephone calls. The respondent argued that respect for her private life had not been