Causes And Effect Of Tooth Loss - 968 Words

Definition: It is the condition in which no teeth is present in the oral cavity. It is not limited only on old patients, but also it can occur due to repeated extraction of teeth due to dental caries, or periodontal diseases. Moreover, the rates of edentulism increases as age increases, and in communities where they suffer from loss of education. Sequelae (Consequences) of complete Edentulism: I) Consequences on the Bony Structure: Normally, teeth stimulate the surrounding bone by compressive and tensile forces, these forces have a piezoelectric effect (which is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress) on the crystals and durapatite that synthesize the inorganic structure of the bone. The bone needs this stimulation in order to provide its form and density. Thus, tooth loss will affect this stimulation leading to a decrease in the density, width, and height of the bone volume. It affects the mandible more than the maxilla that will affect the facial appearance and substantial modifications in the soft-tissue profile (e.gShow MoreRelatedSample Resume : Removable Of Complete Edentulism 1422 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude continued loss of the jaw bone, affects soft tissues that support the prostheses, facial esthetic changes, decreased masticatory performance, and diet related health problems and psychological aspects of a total tooth loss. Basal bone forms the dental skeletal structure, it contains almost most of the muscle attachments, and begins to form in the fetus before the development of teeth. Alveolar bone (bone that surrounds teeth) first appears when hertwigs root sheath of the tooth bud developsRead MoreCause/Effect of Dental Hygiene Essay662 Words   |  3 PagesCause/Effect Essay #4 Have you ever thought about what could happen if you dont practice good oral hygiene? Have you ever thought about the fact that cavities can lead to even more serious dental problems? Do you know that if you arent practicing good oral hygiene, youre opening the door to dental problems that isnt easy to close? If you dont take care of your teeth,think about how much harder easy life tasks would be for you. It is not that hard to simply brush your teeth twice a day and flossRead MoreOral Hygiene and Disease1125 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative health effects on mouths and bodies. People are taught the negative effects of not brushing teeth all of their lives. But do they really know all of the effects not brushing can truly have? Even if the goal is simply whiter teeth, people have to be aware of the repercussions of not having substantial oral hygiene regimens and practices. If the average person fails to keep up with what’s going on in their mouth, the bacteria that forms and bu ilds up can lead to gum disease, tooth decay, and evenRead MoreOral Disease : Common Oral Diseases Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagescomposed of saliva parts, bacteria and carbohydrates that forms with poor cleaning habits. Plaque has specific jobs for different bacteria and one type is designed to go through the teeth and strip away its minerals all the way to the nerve of the tooth. Plaque formation takes about 24 hours, so it is important to consistently brush and floss one’s teeth. As soon as the caries reach the dentin, it is supplied with bountiful amounts of food source. Even after cleaning off the plaque, it is too lateRead MoreTooth Movement Of The Dental Arch1566 Words   |  7 Pagesequilibrium that results in the movement of a tooth. Although extensively researched, there is still significant controversy as to the ‘ideal’ pressure that should be applied to a tooth to result in maximum efficiency in movement. A number of theories of the mechanics of too th movement exist, revolving around the effect on the periodontal ligament and corresponding effect of alveolar bone remodeling. There are two main theories relating to orthodontic tooth movement, which are crucial to understandRead MoreThe Effects Of Soda, Sports Drinks And Energy Drinks On The Enamel Of A Persons Teeth1094 Words   |  5 Pagesof people consume beverages that contain added sugars and acid, but what effects does this sugar and acid have on our tooth enamel? Are sports drinks better for you than soda? This paper will discuss the effects of soda, sports drinks and energy drinks on the enamel of a person’s teeth, what is enamel and why is it important. Dental erosion is a chronic loss of dental hard tissue that is chemically etched away from the tooth surface by acid. Most people would believe that the sugar in drinks was theRead MoreEffective Dental Health And Prevention Of Gum Disease, Gingivitis, Bacterial Carries, Cavities, And Periodontal Disease1646 Words   |  7 Pagescavities, and periodontal disease (PD). Alternatively, signs of poor oral health can be seen with the accumulati on of bacterial pathogens in the area between the tooth and gingiva, known as the gingival sulcus (see Figure 1). PD is a severe condition due to its chronic inflammatory nature that leads to tooth decay and eventual tooth loss. The pathogenesis of PD involves bacterial invasion of the gingival sulcus, which stimulates a host reaction of leukocytes and lymphocytes. This immune response constitutesRead MoreOsteoporosis And Its Effect On The Oral Cavity1360 Words   |  6 Pagescavity? A lot of us know what osteoporosis is and what it does to the rest of the human body, but how does it affect the oral cavity? This research paper was written to provide information, to those who will read this, about osteoporosis and its effect on the oral cavity. With this paper I hope to make the reader aware of: what osteoporosis is, some facts about it, what it affects in the oral cavity, how to prevent it, and treatment for osteoporosis. Meaning of Osteoporosis First off, whatRead MoreThe Role Of Periodontitis As A Risk Factor For Systemic Diseases1397 Words   |  6 Pagesthe inflammatory processes that occur in the tissues surrounding the teeth in response to bacterial accumulations, or dental plaque, on the teeth. The bacterial accumulations cause an inflammatory response from the body. The chronic and progressive bacterial infection of the gums leads to alveolar bone destruction and loss of tissue attachment to the teeth. Periodontal disease has many states or stages, ranging from easily treatable gingivitis to irreversible severe periodontitis. Periodontal diseaseRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Tobacco1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Effects of Tobacco The nicotine can be consumed by chewing tobacco apart from smoking and sniffing .The article provides insight into the hazards of chewing tobacco . If you believe that only smoking is injurious, certainly not. Any form of nicotine consumption is injurious. Tobacco is bad for health, no matter in what form you take it the ill effects are always there. Tobacco are leaves of plant that are used in dried form, they are high in nicotine and consequently addictive in nature

The Impact of Business Ethic on Organisational Performance

ETHICS AND PERFORMANCE: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ETHICS ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE WITHIN THE FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY. HSBC HOLDING PLC AS THE CASE STUDY. CONTENTS List of figures and tables ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Executive summary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Acknowledgement ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 PART 1: PROBLEMATISATION CHAPTER 1: THE INTRODUCTION 7 1. Nature of the problem to be investigated†¦show more content†¦.1 Presentation of primary data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 5.2.2 Variables likely to cause weak or non-adherence to ethical practices---------------------------------------53 5.3 Practical implications----------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 5.3.1 Barings Bank ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 5.3.2 HSBC Holding Plc ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68 5.4 Recommendations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71 5.5 Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73 CHAPTER 6: REFELCTIVE SUMMARY 74 6.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 6.2 New Skills Acquired ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------75 REFERENCES -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79 APPENDIX -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES Fig 1: Obligation of HSBC Senior Financial Officer---------------------------------------------- 9 FigShow MoreRelatedEthical Ethics And Financial Performance1206 Words   |  5 Pagesperspectives. Ethics refers to the standards of right and wrong in an attempt to influence behaviour. (Kinicki 2015, p.83) In stating this, companies can be ethical within numerous occasions such as ethics and financial performance, ethical performance, ethics and sustainability and ethical competition such as competitive advantage. Despite the positive side, there are also some negative implications towards ethics. Ethics and financial performance: jEthics can be addressed within financial performance inRead MoreEthical Ethics And Financial Performance1371 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout many perspectives. Ethics refers to the standards of right and wrong in an attempt to influence behaviour. (Kinicki 2015 p.83) In stating this, companies can become ethical in such occasions being effective in the long run. These include ethics and financial performance in how companies can maximise profits and market share, ethical performance in discussing how companies can perform at its highest level. Also, ethical competition such as competitive advantage and ethics and sustainability canRead MoreOrganizational Behavior, Culture And Change Management Of An Industry991 Words   |  4 PagesIn this course work we gonna discuss about organisational behaviour ,culture and change management of an industry . And also discuss the change management and organisational behaviour of a large construction company SKANSKA. SKANSKA has a successful opretional record of over 100 years which built structures like 30 st mary axe, Heron tower ,Barts and Royal london hospitals and the QEII bridge going over a merger and acquisition of small norwaign company REC (Renewble energy ltd). the formerRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On An Organization1462 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction An organisation’s culture can be described as a collection shared experiences over time, by resolution of problems faced in both an external and internal environment (Schein 1990, p.1100). Although, organisational culture is considered a modern concept, a historical viewpoint is explored, to provide evidence of the long held value of this concept to communities, . Furthermore, the formational factors, processes and drivers that develop culture in an organisation, whether positive orRead MoreEthics And Corporate Social Responsibility1637 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership contributed to Managing Sustainability: Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in the post-bureaucratic era. â€Å"Leadership is the process of directing, controlling, motivating and inspiring staff toward the realization of stated organizational goals† (Clegg, S.R. Kornberger, M. Pitsis. 2011, p.126.) Leadership in the post-bureaucratic era is essential for the success of a company, and also plays part into the Sustainability of Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility for an enterpriseRead MoreThere Are Many Factors In An Organisation That May Lead1727 Words   |  7 Pagesworkplace behaviour and such behaviour is not wanted, managers must generate strategies to reduce this behaviour within their organisations. The term, deviant workplace behaviour, is defined as behaviour, that is intentional, that violates important organisational models and while this is happening, it may be threatening the wellbeing of the organisation or its members (Robbins, Judge, Millett, Boyle, 2014, p. 21). A manager’s best interest is the organisation and its members, they have the role of co ntrollingRead MoreLeadership, Trustworthiness And Ethical Stewardship1832 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on organisational goals. Most of the times, the biggest responsibility of leaders is to lead the team of the people to achieve organisational goals willingly. Leaders are supposed to create harmony between the workforce and management so that win-win situation can be created. It is a challenge for the leaders to play this role successfully and they can be accused of any partiality or favouritism by either management or the employees. In order to effectively win the trust of organisational managementRead More5 Mhr Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pageson to justify your choice, making reference to major developments in the organisations business environment. | AC 1.1, 1.2 | Candidates are expected to identify up to three major organisational objectives that the HR function is responsible for delivering, explain how these objectives are evolving in relation to changes in the work environment (local, national, international) and how these changes may impact on HR. | Give a brief mission statement for HR function in business.From MS draw out upRead MoreHow High Performance Work Systems ( Hpws ) Mean And Does It Have An Impact On The Performance Of1532 Words   |  7 Pages What does High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) mean and does it have an impact on the performance of an organisation? What are the components of a HPWS and are there any benefits? The essay says about HPWS generic concept and components even stating some benefits of organisational performance and few challenges faced in its application which is addresses with reference to academic journals and other sources. There are many explanations from researchers about HPWS. However, this essay tries to giveRead MoreThe Management Of Valve Corporation1413 Words   |  6 Pagesmanager. While this may seem ideal to some, contextually, it has led to Valve’s failure to exercise organisational control over its employees and products, for example, its release of Half Life 2 thirteen months after schedule (Valve Developer Community 2016). This report will address three potential implications of Valve’s ‘No Manager’ Company, including power, task delegation and accountability and ethics, as well as provide conclusions and recommendations. 2.0 Discussion The word ‘control’ often accumulates

Brown v. Board of Education and Multiculturalism Essay

On May 17, 1954, in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education, the High Court, for the first time in American legal history, challenged the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine previously established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and outlawed racial segregation in public schools. The decision, igniting fierce debates throughout the country, was met with violence and strong defiance in the South. The years after Brown, however, saw the passing of several important Acts: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Today, Americans remember Brown v. Board of Education as a success in African Americans’ struggle for equal rights, a change of sea tide for the civil rights movement. While†¦show more content†¦Born in 1993 in segregated Monticello, Mississippi, Rod Paige, the African American U.S. secretary of education, said in retrospect of his own experience in school: â€Å"They [white students] had a gy m. We played on dirt courts. They had new textbooks. Our textbooks had the covers torn off. We marveled over the cleanliness of their brick school† (qtd. in â€Å"50 Years† 68). America officially did away with school segregation in 1954, but the actual desegregation proved to be a slow and painful process. In 1961, seven years after Brown, only seven percent of African American students in the South were in mixed schools (â€Å"Slow March† 46). African Americans enrolled in majority white schools were often hassled by their classmates and their fellow white Americans. The most famous example was the Little Rock Crisis in 1957, in which President Eisenhower was forced to send National Guard troops to protect the nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock High School from the segregationists and ensure that they could have class on the first school day. School integration proceeded at a sluggish rate in the 1950s and early 1960s but stepped up in the mid 1960s. According to a recent report released by the Civil Rights Project at Harvard University, only 2.3% of African American students in 1964 were in majority white schools. The number jum ped to 13.9% in 1967,Show MoreRelatedBrown V. Board Of Education 347 Us 4831438 Words   |  6 PagesBrown v. Board of Education 347 US 483 (1954) Jim Crow Laws As society changes, laws change as well to keep up with changes in some cases, the law are for the better of the majority, however, there have been several laws that have been enacted to impose inequality. On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court handed down its ruling in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Education of Topeka that Racial education of Topeka that racial segregation in public schoolsRead MoreEthnocentric Education1811 Words   |  7 Pages(Buchanan, Fox, Eckes, Basford, 2012). The same model would work wonderfully in Canada, where multiculturalism is more entrenched and welcomed. Target populations in Canada for ethnocentric education would be African-Canadian, Native Canadian, and Asian Canadian. Ethnocentric education, also known as culturally appropriate education, is not a monolithic pedagogical model. In fact, ethnocentric education can entail demographically mixed schools with separate courses of study; demographically mixedRead MoreRace Speaks : Awareness Project1455 Words   |  6 Pages Race Speaks; Awareness Project The promise of education ensures students for a more stable and healthier lives. As a democratic society, it gives the ability to strive for a successful future and provides the institutional foundations for economic, social, cultural, and political aspects of it. Though this can certainly provoke positive and negative outcomes. Education can either be a motivation for equality among races, or it can teach people to hate one anotherRead MoreThe Power Of A Society s Justice System1581 Words   |  7 PagesRights is the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Although, controversial at times, the American Supreme Court has even defended the use of lewd and hate speech in attempt to preserve the full right of expression. Monumental cases like Texas v. Johnson, where the Court found flag burning to be constitutionally protected as a form of political speech, no matter how sensitive or controversial the matter, or subject, manifests the American Supreme Court’s commit ment to its ideals. In connectionRead MoreThe History Of Music Education Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesThe History of Music Education in the Americas The history of our schools is told beginning with the founding of our nation, moving through the common school movement, the arguments of the progressive era, and leading up to all of the modern acts made in the 21st century. Music education is a factor in the public schools, and it is rarely discussed as part of the history of our schools. Music education has been a part of our schools since the beginning and continues to better our students to thisRead More Multicultural Educational System Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesus together as a nation. Children can develop their ideas and their identity at early stages in schools. Education should stress the value of diversity and avoid portraying one culture or group as superior to others. A multicultural educational system would not only educate the students in a classroom, but also enrich the teacher and society. The definition of multiculturalism is education that focuses on providing equal opportunity for students who’s cult ural or language patterns make it difficultRead MoreStudents Are More Equal Than Others : Multiculturalism And Poverty1852 Words   |  8 PagesAre More Equal Than Others: Multiculturalism and Poverty in Education â€Å"One of the first lessons I learned as a teacher was that social class, race, ethnicity, and gender have a powerful effect on the process of education. I found to be blunt, that even in the schools of nation that prides itself on equality of opportunity, some students are more equal than others† (Newman, 2006, p.269). Minority children and those living in poverty are at disadvantage in our education system. Several studies makeRead MoreInfluential Court Cases Involving Education1166 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history there have been various influential court cases involving Education. These important cases and their outcomes act as milestones on the road to a successful education System in the United States. Topics such as race, religion and gender equality within schools have all been vigorously debated upon and have ultimately played major roles in shaping today s education system. By examining civil rights and acting upon these rights many important education al court cases have allowedRead MoreSchool Busing3079 Words   |  13 Pagescharacterized as an engine for multicultural education. However, due to barriers within society (e.g. racial discrimination and economic barriers and stereotypes), some students are not being taught in a multicultural environment. Due to this problem and the importance that most of society places upon multicultural education, school busing takes place. Busing is a very important and controversial method that is practiced to improve multicultural education to those who have had very little, if anyRead MoreEssay on Riding the School Bus3017 Words   |  13 Pagescharacterized as an engine for multicultural education. However, due to barriers within society (e.g. racial discrimination and economic barriers and stereotypes), some students are not being taught in a multicultural environment. Due to this problem and the importance that most of society places upon multicultural education, school busing takes place. Busing is a very important and controversial method that is practiced to improve multicultural education to those who have had very little, if any,

Essential Oil & Its Impact on Enhancing Our Mood-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Essential oil and its impact on enhancing our mood. Answer: Beginning Essential oils utilized as a part of aromatherapy, are usually extracted from different parts of plants and are refined after that (Filly et al., 2014). The profoundly concentrated oils might be breathed in directly or in a roundabout way or applied on the skin through creams, massage or shower salts (Baser Buchbauer, 2015). Some essential oil makers produce oils, which we can consume internally. Middle The fact must be noted that a small drop of lavender essential oil rubbed between two palms is likely to bring about a serene sensation in us (Nelson et al., 2016). However, tackling the genuine energy of essential oils is both a workmanship and a science. Mixing these exceptional oils can take their individual properties to a different level, connecting together to perform helpful marvels. For instance, a whiff of bergamot oil can obliterate nervousness, ylang ylang can battle hypertension, and citronella is likely to do away with sweat. On the off chance that we live under incessant pressure, rehearsing mind or body [for example: meditation] with the fragrance of aroma therapeutic essential oils, is likely to diminish our stress and alleviate our psyche. We must begin with little amounts and perceive how we like them. It must be ensured that we are utilizing products of astounding brands like Aura Cacia and NOW. A standout amongst popularly known essential oils, lavender oil is esteemed for its calming consequences on the body and psyche and capacity to reduce nervousness. An investigation published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, provided an example in which members were presented to a stressor before finishing a memory assignment (Raut Karuppayil, 2014). The individuals who had breathed in a lavender fragrance before being stressed, performed in a superior manner than those individuals who had breathed in a substitute treatment aroma. In an examination published in International Journal of Nursing Practice, aroma healing utilizing a lavender oil squirt on attire was observed to be effective in diminishing business related worry for three to four days (Worwood, 2016). Lavender oil can also be found in an assortment of aromatherapy items, including shower salts and back rub oil. Another approach to experience the relieving fragrance of lavender is savouring lavende r-essence herbal tea. Various blends of essential oils have also proved themselves effective, while addressing particular mind-sets or infirmities (Raut Karuppayil, 2014). A mixture of bergamot, tangerine, lemon, rose, palmarosa, jasmine, Roman chamomile, geranium and ylang ylang oils [one drop each] are known to make us feel warm and elated (Worwood, 2016). Another popular blend, renowned for bringing about moments of peace and serenity, is that of ylang ylang, patchouli and essential orange oil (Ali et al., 2015). Among a few elevators of mood, the blend of lavender, jasmine, fennel, yarrow, marjoram and clary sage oils works best while altering the feelings of a woman (Worwood, 2016). Ending Thus, from the above discourses it might be concluded that aromatherapy is thought to work by stimulating olfactory receptors in the nose, which at that point send messages through the sensory system to the piece of the mind that controls feelings. Numerous essential oils have been proved safe to use, when utilized as coordinated. References Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N. A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S. A., Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review.Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,5(8), 601-611. Baser, K. H. C., Buchbauer, G. (Eds.). (2015).Handbook of essential oils: science, technology, and applications. CRC Press. Effects of essential oil. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.medindia.net/images/common/patientinfo/950_400/effects-of-essential-oil.jpg Filly, A., Fernandez, X., Minuti, M., Visinoni, F., Cravotto, G., Chemat, F. (2014). Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs: from laboratory to pilot and industrial scale.Food chemistry,150, 193-198. Nelson, H. R., Burkhart, R. A., Morin, D., Weissenfluh, N. G., Korn, M. R. (2016). Investigation of Parasympathetic Effects of Lavender Essential Oil in Humans.Montview Liberty University Journal of Undergraduate Research,2(1), 3. Raut, J. S., Karuppayil, S. M. (2014). A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils.Industrial Crops and Products,62, 250-264. Worwood, V. A. (2016).The Complete Book of Essential Oils and Aromatherapy, Revised and Expanded: Over 800 Natural, Nontoxic, and Fragrant Recipes to Create Health, Beauty, and Safe Home and Work Environments. New world library.

Response to Aviation Accidents

Introduction Accidents are common occurrences in the aviation industry. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are responsible for investigating aviation accidents and giving safety recommendations. In addition, they develop rules, policies, and laws to alleviate reduce accidents (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Aviation Accidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two bodies work together through exchange of information and research findings. The NTSB was founded in 1967 and is responsible for investigating and resolving cases linked to accidents involving various modes of transport (Elliot, 2013). To maintain the board’s autonomy, any information, data, or statistics collected cannot be used as evidence in a court of law. On the other hand, the FAA was founded after enactment of the Federal Aviati on Act of 1958. It oversees operations and activities related to civil aviation. Some of its core roles include issuing and revoking pilot licenses, developing civil aeronautics, regulating aviation standards, and regulating the aviation industry in order to maintain and promote safety (Elliot, 2013). In case of an accident, the two bodies work together to find the cause and offer recommendations. Interaction during investigations The main division of the NTSB involved in accidents investigations is the â€Å"Go Team.† The team’s main role is to commence investigations shortly after an accident has taken place. Team members offer their expertise at the scene of accident in efforts to ascertain the cause. The team comprises several professionals from the Board’s headquarters in Washington who are usually specialists in different fields. Within the FAA, the Office of Accident Investigation and Prevention is involved in accident investigation (Federal Aviation Admi nistration 2011). The office identifies transportation hazards and risks, and consequently develops safety measures aimed at improving safety. The two agencies interact during an accident investigation by carrying out their respective roles. The NTBS main role is to enhance transport safety. It is responsible for investigating aviation, marine, pipelines, and railways accidents (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011). On the other hand, the FAA enacts policies and regulations that govern the transport industry. Therefore, the NTBS cannot make any rules or establish new policies to govern the transport sector. However, it can give recommendations o the FAA regarding necessary policies and procedures that can be enacted to improve safety.  During an investigation, the NTBS plays a major role. It investigates the matter thoroughly and determines cause of the accident.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More The FAA is also involved. It sends a representative to the scene of accident to aid in determination of the cause. The role of the representative is to establish whether any rules and regulations were violated, which could have led to the accident. The FAA does not give a final ruling on the matter. The NTSB collects necessary data and information from the scene while the FAA determines whether rules and regulations were violated (Federal Aviation Administration 2011). Together, the two bodies work to determine how and why the accident occurred. Their interaction and cooperation are augmented by their common goal of improving transport safety. During an accident, the FAA helps the NTBS conduct investigation. In addition, it conducts its own investigation to ensure that safety is given priority. FAA investigation of an accident The FAA investigation of an aviation accident involves many aspects. For example, it includes a review of whether the air carrier involv ed in the accident complied with FAA’s rules and regulations, reviews whether the aircraft had necessary maintenance guidelines and manuals, and reviews all the company’s safety guidelines and procedures (Federal Aviation Administration 2013). Other things involved in an investigation include review of pilot’s expertise and medical history, maintenance logbooks, adherence to flight times, and a review of the status of airport structures and amenities. The FAA collects any information that could aid in identifying cause of the accident (Aircraft Owners and Pilot Association 2013). Any information relevant to the investigation is shared with the NTBS investigation committee. After an accident has been reported, the local Flights Standards District Office commences gathering information and data on the possible cause of the accident. The Operations Office within the FAA notifies the NTBS’ headquarters and the responsible local office (Federal Aviation Admini stration 2013). During an investigation, the Operations Center provides teleconferencing and other communication services to help both the FAA and the NTBS teams. Interaction starts before commencement of investigations. The FAA arranges for transportation of NTBS members to the scene of accident. During investigation, the FAA provides additional services to members. These services include medical aid and financial funding. In addition, it provides miscellaneous services such as component testing and research (Federal Aviation Administration, 2013). The NTBS organizes and manages investigation teams and ensures that all necessary tests are carried out.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Aviation Accidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before termination of an investigation, every investigation member must agree to the validity and viability of information collected. During an investigation, the FAA r eviews the recommendations and analyses of the NTBS in relation to aviation guidelines and policies. Investigation by the NTBS Immediately after an aviation accident occurs, the NTBS sends a â€Å"go-team† to the scene of accident within two to three hours (National Transport Safety Board 2009). Prior to the release of the team, the Board sends a representative from the regional or local office to the accident scene. The IIC, an investigation division of the NTBS organizes and manages the investigation team at the scene (National Transport Safety Board 2009). It coordinates and oversees all investigation activities. The representative from the regional office commences investigation before arrival of the go-team. The IIC has several roles in an investigation. First, it ensures that evidence that could lead to identification of the accident cause is secure (Federal Aviation Administration 2013). Second, it identifies any hazardous materials that could be harmful to investigato rs. Third, it manages the crash site. Upon arrival at the scene, NTBS investigation members make a tour of the scene and get a briefing from the officer in charge (National Transport Safety Board 2009). Go-team members form teams to commence investigations. Specialists in areas such as air traffic control, operations, aviation systems, and aircraft performance lead the teams. An aircraft performance specialist carries out most of the investigation by assessing the aircraft’s systems and components for faults (National Transport Safety Board 2009). Another specialist conducts interviews and reviews the aircraft’s records. Tests to determine aircraft defects After an accident, the FAA and NTSB utilize several tests to determine if factors such as structural failure and fire were possible causes of the accident. Some of the methods used to detect defects in aircraft include liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, infrared thermography, sonic, Eddy current, and magnetic particle met hods (Khan 2009). Aircraft structures are easily destroyed by fires and lightning. Therefore, non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are used to establish possible causes of damage on aircraft components. Degree of damage depends on type of structure and material used to make the aircraft. The team also gathers additional information and data that assist in determination of the cause of the accident. It collects ATC radar data, weather data from the National Weather Service, transcripts of radio transmissions, and pilot’s medical history (Aircraft Owners and Pilot Association 2013).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eddy current and ultrasonic inspection methods are used to detect tiny cracks in the structure of an aircraft (Khan 2009). In addition, the method is used to measure degree of metal thinning that is caused by corrosion. In extreme cases, X-ray techniques are used to detect defects inside the structure of the aircraft’s components that cannot be detected using other methods (Khan 2009). Liquid penetrant method is used to detect surface defects in the structure of the aircraft. Magnetic particle method is used to detect defects on any ferromagnetic material used in construction of components such as gearboxes, pumps, and shafts. Resonance methods are used to detect weaknesses in bonds between composite structures (Khan, 2009). Report preparation After on-scene investigation, the investigation teams commence a period of report writing that includes combining all their findings (National Transport Safety Board 2004). In addition, the period involves further research that includes gathering of facts and collection of data. Information is collected from public hearings, after which it is analyzed and included in the final report. After presentation of the report, the NTBS establishes follow-up events that go on for a period of over six months to ensure proper implementation of safety recommendations.  The report-writing process begins with a meeting that involves members of the NTBS safety board. They deliberate of activities such as tests and interviews with survivors (National Transport Safety Board 2004). In addition, the team agrees on a date for presentation of the final report. Members that do not belong to NTBS such as FAA members contribute by reviewing, commenting, and offering suggestions on the report draft. If deemed necessary, a public hearing is included in the report-writing process. Public hearing is necessary for accidents that involve massive loss of lives. Participants during a public hearing include survivors, FAA regulators, air traffic controllers, aircraft manufacturers, and fire and rescue professionals (National Transport Safety Board 2004).  The FAA serves a critical role during the report-writing process. It reviews the analytical process and ensures that all regulations relating to aviation safety standards are adhered to (National Transport Safety Board 2004). Its role in the process is minimal. The IIC integrates factual reports from various parties into a final report. In addition, it makes conclusions and recommendations. The report is then given to several agencies that deal with aviation safety such as Office of Research and Engineering (ORE), the Office of Safety Recommendations, and the general counsel. Safety recommendations Recommendations are the most important aspect of an aviation accident investigation. The safety Board is given the responsibility to give recommendations that could improve safety of the aviation industry. The board addresses safety deficiencies and issues recommendations bas ed on findings of the investigation (National Transport Safety Board 2010). The report helps improve safety through implementation of recommendations from the investigation team. The FAA and NTBS give recommendations on how aviation safety could be improved. The NTBS establishes follow-up activities to ensure that recommendations are implemented (National Transport Safety Board, 2010). Conclusion The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are responsible for investigating aviation accidents. In addition, they develop rules, policies, and laws to alleviate the problem of aviation accidents that have been on the increase in recent past. In an aviation accident investigation, the FAA and NTSB work together in efforts to find the cause. Each of the agencies plays a different role. For example, the NTSB collects data and information related to the accident and analyzes it. On the other hand, the FAA reviews findings of the NTSB and finds out whether any aviation rules and regulations were violated, which could have been a cause of the accident. During an investigation, the NTSB and FAA conduct several tests to detect defects in the structure of the aircraft. Tests are meant to determine whether factors such as fires and lightning were causes of the accident. These tests include destructive and non-destructive tests. Methods used for non-destructive tests include liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, infrared thermography, sonic, Eddy current, and magnetic particle methods. References Aircraft Owners and Pilot Association: Accident Analysis. (2013). Retrieved from  http://www.aopa.org/Pilot-Resources/Safety-and-Technique/Accident-Analysis.aspx Elliot, P. (2013). NTBS an FAA investigate Air Show Crash. Retrieved from  http://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ntsb-and-faa-investigate-air-show-crash#.Ud0ycJDu2t8 Federal Aviation Administration: Lessons Learned from Transport Airplane Accidents.  (2011). Retrieved fr om http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/ Federal Aviation Administration: Accidents and Incidents Data. (2013). Retrieved from  http://www.faa.gov/data_research/accident_incident/ Khan, A. Non-Destructive Testing Applications in Commercial Aircraft Maintenance.  (2009). Retrieved from http://www.ndt.net/article/ecndt98/aero/031/031.htm National Transport Safety Board: The investigative Process at NTSB. (2009). Retrieved  from http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/process.html. National Transport Safety Board: Aircraft Accident Report. (2004). Retrieved from  http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/fulltext/AAB0603.html National Transport Safety Board: Safety Recommendation History. (2010). Retrieved  from http://www.ntsb.gov/SafetyRecs/Private/history.aspx?rec=A-10-030addressee=FAA This essay on Response to Aviation Accidents was written and submitted by user Marc Shelton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Population and Urbanization Population is the number of individuals living in a certain area in a certain time which is the target group to be studied. Whereas, Urbanization is the process in which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities which is totally influenced by the culture. Both Population and Urbanization are related terms and are the global issue of study right now. The term Demography helps to understand it clearly which is the study of size, composition, growth and distribution of population. The world population of human being is increasing rapidly in geometrically ratio and the food supply is increasing arithmetically, which is explained by the Malthus theorem. Let us consider some facts about population growth. It took all of recorded history until 1830 for world population to reach one billion; by 1930 we were at two billion; by 1960, three billion; 1975, four billion; 1986, five billion; and in 1999 we crossed the six billion mark. The world population grew at an annual rate of 1.4% between 1990 and 2000. The least industrialized nations are growing about 16 times faster than industrialized nations, which is 1.6% a year compared to 0.1%. This is critical condition which shows the population is mushrooming in least industrialized Nations, and hardly growing in at all in most industrialized nations. The population of least industrialized nations is increasing because of illiteracy, children are viewed as gifts from God, they cost little to rear, and also they represent the parent social security. The food for each individual is higher than it was before like around 1950s, because of improved variety of seed and fertilizers for agriculture. There is ample amount of food for the world’s growing population for next 30 years, so the main issues arises here why people are dying of starvation, which is paradox for all of us! The main reason for this is drought, civil war and unequal distribution of food... Free Essays on Urbanization Free Essays on Urbanization Population and Urbanization Population is the number of individuals living in a certain area in a certain time which is the target group to be studied. Whereas, Urbanization is the process in which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities which is totally influenced by the culture. Both Population and Urbanization are related terms and are the global issue of study right now. The term Demography helps to understand it clearly which is the study of size, composition, growth and distribution of population. The world population of human being is increasing rapidly in geometrically ratio and the food supply is increasing arithmetically, which is explained by the Malthus theorem. Let us consider some facts about population growth. It took all of recorded history until 1830 for world population to reach one billion; by 1930 we were at two billion; by 1960, three billion; 1975, four billion; 1986, five billion; and in 1999 we crossed the six billion mark. The world population grew at an annual rate of 1.4% between 1990 and 2000. The least industrialized nations are growing about 16 times faster than industrialized nations, which is 1.6% a year compared to 0.1%. This is critical condition which shows the population is mushrooming in least industrialized Nations, and hardly growing in at all in most industrialized nations. The population of least industrialized nations is increasing because of illiteracy, children are viewed as gifts from God, they cost little to rear, and also they represent the parent social security. The food for each individual is higher than it was before like around 1950s, because of improved variety of seed and fertilizers for agriculture. There is ample amount of food for the world’s growing population for next 30 years, so the main issues arises here why people are dying of starvation, which is paradox for all of us! The main reason for this is drought, civil war and unequal distribution of food...

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